Computer Addiction Essay -- essays research papers

Computer and internet have become daily features of our lives. round people have displaced work, school, friends and even family with computing machine. When too much time is spent on the computer that it reaches a limit where family, social affinity, school and work animateness is interrupted, that people may be caught in addiction. Like any other addiction, computer addiction had replaced the importance of life with internet. Computers are bad for your health and ebb attachments with your true life. There are many signs and symptoms of computer addiction. A person readiness have a guilty feeling while on the computer, they might feel very sad and depressed when computer time is minimized or disturbed. That person might lose control of time when on the computer and are enable to quit or cut down computer time, use the computer often to replace their depression or sadness with happiness. They too ignore their family or responsibilities to be online, lie to other people about t he time spend on the computer, may get tempted in a relationship with a stranger which may end up into victimizatio...

Confinement vs. Escape in Madame Bovary :: Madame Bovary Essays

Confinement vs. Escape in Madame Bovary A theme throughout Flauberts Madame Bovary is escape versus travail. In the novel Emma Bovary attempts once more and again to escape the ordinariness of her life by reading novels, having affairs, day dreaming, moving from town to town, and buying luxuries items. It is Emmas early education described for an entire chapter by Flaubert that awakens in Emma a struggle against what she perceives as confinement. Emmas education at the convent is perhaps the most significant development of the dichotomy in the novel between confinement and escape. The convent is Emmas earliest confinement, and it is the few solicitations from the outside world that intrigue Emma, the books smuggled in to the convent or the sound of a far away cab rolling on boulevards. The chapter mirrors the structure of the book it starts as we see a satisfied women content with her confinement and conformity at the convent. At first far from being tiresomeness the convent, she enjoyed the company of the nuns, who, to amuse her, would take her into the chapel by way of a long corridor leading from the dining hall. She played very little during the recreation terminus and knew her catechism well. (Flaubert 30.)Footnote1 The chapter is also filled with images of girls living with in the protective walls of the convent, the girls sing happily together, assemble to study, and pray. But as the chapter progresses images of escape start to dominate. But these are unless visual images and even these images are either religious in nature or of similarly confined people. She wished she could have lived in some old manor house, like those chatelaines in low wasted gowns who spent their days with their elbows on the stone sill of a gothic window surmounted by trefoil, chin in hand watching a white plumed rider on a black horse galloping them from far across the country. (Flaubert 32.) As the chapter progresses and Emma continues dre aming turn in the convent the images she conjures up are of exotic and foreign lands. No longer are the images of precise people or event but instead they ferment more fuzzy and

I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem Essays -- Witchcraft

I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem by Maryse CondeWitchcraft-the power or practices of witches Websters New universe Dictionary. Witchcraft is a term which sprouts many different meanings. As stated above, it is attributed to witches. But what is a witch? Probably an evil haggish-like women who has signed a pledge with the devil if we think of it in the English sense. So witchcraft must be evil doings putting curses on people to make their purport miserable, using wicked spells to transform humans to frogs etc. But does this hold true to everyones idea of what witchcraft is.Peoples believes on the subject of witchcraft might differ between different cultures. Such is the case in the tragic story I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem by Maryse Conde. Certain groups and individuals in the book, have contradicting thoughts of witchery.I can not describe the effect this unfortunate black cat had on the children, as well as on Elizabeth and Samuel. Samuel Parris seized his prayer book and bega n to fictionalize a seemingly endless prayer.pg 44 This is how sensitive the Puritans were. Their fear of the Devil is so great, it hindered them of pleasures and entertainments since these are also elements which they believed are inherited from the Satan thus make them sinful. Becareful, Tituba Dont let them dance Dont let them dancepg 48 Fearing Tituba would conduct a sin for the children, Elizabeth Parris exclaimed her warning. If they are so overwhelmed with the terror ...

Hairball Essay -- essays papers

HairballA solitary woman sits in parley with a benign tumour that had just recently been removed from her ovary. As the woman speaks, the inanimate tumour, which she has named Hairball, looks on from its glass encased perch atop the fireplace. The pictorial matter is macabre and certainly peculiar, but such is the life of Kat, the main character in Margaret Atwoods short story, Hairball. Kats life is filled with the unusual and the shocking, a lifestyle that has been self-imposed. Throughout the years, Kat, an avant garde fashion photographer, has altered her image, even her name, to suit the circumstances and the era. Over time Kat has fashioned a seemingly sanitary and impenetrable exterior, but as Kats life begins to disintegrate we discover that the strong exterior is just a facade devised to protect a weak and fragile interior. Kats facade begins to unravel and she undergoes significant soulfulnessal losses in fact, the losses go so far as to include her identity or lac k there of. As Kat begins to lose control, her mental and physical disintegration is hastened by three major struggles The conflict with the society in which she lives, the conflict with her romantic interests (specifically Ger), and finally the physical conflict she faces with her own body. In the end, these conflicts will threaten to strip Kat of her lifestyle as well as her name.From the beginning of Kats life, she was at odds with her environment. When she was a child, she was Katherine, a doll like representation of what her mother wanted her to be. As a teenager she was Kathy, a representation of what she believed others wanted, a bouncy, round-faced girl with gleaming freshly washed hair and enviable teeth, eager to please and no more int... ...he vehicle for the ultimate bizarre act reflecting Kats personality disintegration. She has gone from Katherine, to Kath, to Kat to being temporarily without a name.The journey that Kat takes through the story, from a person define d by others to a person without definition, is somewhat of a birth in reverse. In the story the character of Kat is defined by the conflicts she faces and her softness to adequately deal with them. The more Kat attempts to find herself within the parameters of her society, work and relationships, the more she becomes lost. It is the conflicts that bring Kat to a moment of clarity as she is left(p) broken and abandoned. It is in this state that Kat is able to lose her name and begin to reconstruct herself apart from the influences of others. Without a name Kat is now the dope canvass onto which she hopes to paint her final masterpiece.

F -14 Tomcat :: essays research papers

F-14 TOMCATWing span 64 feet unbrush 38 feet sweptLength 62 feet 7 inchesHeight 16 feetWeight Empty 40,104 pounds Maximum harbour-off 74,348 poundsSpeed Maximum 1,544 mphCruise 576 mphCeiling more than than 56,000 feetPower plant Two Pratt and Whitney TF-30-P412A turbofan engines withafterburners F-14B and F-14D F-110-GE-400 augmented turbofan engineswith afterburnerCrew twoContractor Grumman AerospaceF-14 gobbler, sleek, powerful, deadly, and the real star of the movie TopGun. The F-14 Tomcat followed a history of "Cats" in the military. The F-4FWildcat and the F-6F Hellcat that fought in the skies years before theTomcat ever bit the air. In the late 1960s, the U.S Navy unconquerable to decidedto focus on an aircraft dedicated to fleet defense. Grumman had alreadybegun developing the F-14, and was definitely headed for a "Cat"designation. The person responsible for this project was Admiral TomConolly, alternate Chief, Naval Operations for Air. The aircraft was dubbed"Toms Cat" long before the official name of "Tomcat" was ever adopted.(novia.net, 1999)Overall, the Navys Grumman F-14 Tomcat is without equal amongtodays Free World fighters. Six long-range AIM-54A Phoenix missiles can beguided against six separate threat aircraft at long range by the F-14s AWG-9weapons control system. For medium-range combat, Sparrow missiles arecarried Sidewinders and a 20mm are available for dogfighting. In the latterrole, the Tomcats variable-sweep wings give the F-14 a combat maneuveringcapability that could not have been achieved with a "standard" fixedplanform wing. (history.navy, 1999)In full forward-sweep position,the wings provided the lift needed forslow-speed feather, especially needed during carrier landings. In swept-backpositions, the wings blend into the aircraft, giving the F-14 Tomcat adart-like silhouette for high-speed, super-sonic flight (using Pratt & WhitneyTF30-P-412A Turbofans). (novia.net. 1999) By 1972, t he first of the F-14 Tomcats off the production line weresent to the US . In October of 1972, two squadrons were formed with theF-14 Tomcat to begin flight operations. (novia.net, 1999) tout ensemble in all,fourteen aircraft were used for the development program. The fullyproven F-14 was introduced to the fleet only 51 month after contractaward (Anft, 1998) The F-14 Tomcat was intentional to carry a million dollar missile, thePhoenix . The AIM-54 Phoenix has a range of over 100 miles and solepurpose was to destroy Soviet bombers. The F-14 Tomcat program camedown to a test at the Naval Missile Test Center at Point Mugu, CA inNovember, 1973. The Pentagon wanted an aircraft that could take on sixdifferent targets at once, and on that day in November, the Tomcat

F -14 Tomcat :: essays research papers

F-14 TOMCATWing span 64 feet unswept 38 feet sweptLength 62 feet 7 inchesHeight 16 feetWeight revoke 40,104 pounds Maximum take-off 74,348 poundsSpeed Maximum 1,544 mphCruise 576 mphCeiling More than 56,000 feetPower plant Two Pratt and Whitney TF-30-P412A turbofan engines withafterburners F-14B and F-14D F-110-GE-400 augmented turbofan engineswith afterburner faction twoContractor Grumman AerospaceF-14 Tomcat, sleek, powerful, deadly, and the real star of the movie TopGun. The F-14 Tomcat followed a history of "Cats" in the military. The F-4FWildcat and the F-6F Hellcat that fought in the skies years onward theTomcat ever bit the air. In the late 1960s, the U.S Navy decided to decidedto focus on an aircraft dedicated to pass along defense. Grumman had alreadybegun developing the F-14, and was by all odds headed for a "Cat"designation. The person responsible for this project was Admiral TomConolly, Deputy Chief, Naval Operations for Air. The aircraft was dubbed&q uotToms Cat" long before the official arrive at of "Tomcat" was ever adopted.(novia.net, 1999)Overall, the Navys Grumman F-14 Tomcat is without equal amongtodays Free World fighters. Six long-range AIM-54A Phoenix missiles can beguided against six separate little terror aircraft at long range by the F-14s AWG-9weapons control system. For medium-range combat, Sparrow missiles arecarried Sidewinders and a 20mm are available for dogfighting. In the latterrole, the Tomcats variable-sweep wings give the F-14 a combat maneuveringcapability that could not have been achieved with a "standard" fixedplanform wing. (history.navy, 1999)In full forward-sweep position,the wings provided the lift needed forslow-speed flight, especially needed during attack aircraft carrier landings. In swept-backpositions, the wings blend into the aircraft, giving the F-14 Tomcat adart-like silhouette for high-speed, super-sonic flight (using Pratt & WhitneyTF30-P-412A Turbofans). (novia. net. 1999) By 1972, the first of the F-14 Tomcats off the production line were displace to the US . In October of 1972, two squadrons were formed with theF-14 Tomcat to begin flight operations. (novia.net, 1999) All in all,fourteen aircraft were used for the development program. The fullyproven F-14 was introduced to the fleet only 51 month after contractaward (Anft, 1998) The F-14 Tomcat was designed to carry a million dollar missile, thePhoenix . The AIM-54 Phoenix has a range of over 100 miles and solepurpose was to destroy Soviet bombers. The F-14 Tomcat program camedown to a test at the Naval missile Test Center at Point Mugu, CA inNovember, 1973. The Pentagon wanted an aircraft that could take on sixdifferent targets at once, and on that day in November, the Tomcat

The Backgrounds of Thami and Mr. M

As a young individual, Thiamin was not able to see how his study was so structured and influenced by the government. However, as judgment of conviction progresses, Thiamin cannot appreciate the education, for the people that control what is taught in the schools also force him to live through the horrendous conditions of apartheid. He admits that his education is a political reality in his life. At the end of the novel, Thiamin is faced with a very difficult decision. He ultimately decides to unhorse the nation because he knows he cannot join the mob and the violence of the people that killed Mr.. M. Thiamin wants kind in SouthAfrica. He realizes that the best way to accomplish this stopping point is to start over in a new place. Standing around in the same township accomplishes nothing, and Thiamin realizes this is not the proper method to bringing about change. Mr.. M has suppressed Thiamin in a tiny environment for all these years, and he finally feels the need to break out and permit his voice be heard. Mr.. M grew up in a time where apartheid was not present. He had basic freedoms and he was not treated so raspingly as the colored are treated in the apartheid period. Mr.. M turns a blind eye to the problems that are present in South Africa.He still believes that raw day South Africa is the same as it was many years ago. It is hard for Mr.. M to fathom the struggle of the colored people in South Africa because everything was merged when he was a child. This makes it very difficult for Mr.. M, for over a short period of time he was stripped of his basic freedoms. Mr.. M believes that true change lies in the hands of the children, for they are the ones that have a future possibility of sparking change in society. Contrary to Teams belief that education is a politically found system, Mr.. M sees education as a chance to transform his dents into fighters.He wants to give his students inspiration and motive to rebel and question the system of apartheid . Mr.. M also favors education because he is lonely and depressed. Mr.. M deeply values the relationships that he creates with Isabel and Thiamin. It does not seem as if Mr.. M has a significant other in his life. It is peculiar that he holds such a personal bond with Isabel and Thiamin, and he continues to push them to be active members Of the team so he can spend time with them. He turns Thiamin into the authorities in hopes that it will cause him to return to school.

A Brief Introduction to Methods of Word Formation in English

A Brief macrocosm to Methods of Word Formation in face I. Introduction Linguistics is the scientific study of human phrase. Linguistics back be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study lyric form, run-in consequence, and speech in context. The earliest known activities in descriptive philology have been attri yeted to Panini around 500 BCE, with his analysis of Sanskrit in Ashtadhyayi. The low gear subfield of linguistics is the study of phrase structure, or grammar. This foc physical exertions on the system of ruled followed by the users of a language.It includes the study of morphology (the validation and composition of legers), syntax (the formation and composition of phrases and sentences from these wrangling), and phonology ( pass away system). Phonetics is a link up branch of linguistics concerned with the actual befittingties of war crys sounds and nonspeech sounds, and how they atomic number 18 produced and perceived. This paper is going to concentrate on bankrupt of morphology vocalise formation, of the slope language. Gener ally, in linguistics, denomination formation is the creation of a unfermented word.Word formation is fewtimes contrasted with semantic change, which is a change in a single words meaning. The boundary between word formation and semantic change stick out be difficult to define a unfermented use of an agingish word croup be seen as a current word make headwayd from an old one and identical to it in form. Word formation can excessively be contrasted with the formation of idiomatic extinguishions, although address can be form from multi-word phrases. there ar various mechanisms of word formation and this paper is going to return them in detail with necessary explanations and examples. II. Methods of Word Formations 1. Agglutination.In contemporary linguistics, agglutination usually refers to the kind of morphological derivation in which there is a one-to-one accord between affix es and syntacticalal categories. address that use agglutination astray are watchworded agglutinative languages. Agglutinative languages are often contrasted both with language in which syntactic structure is expressed solely by means of word order and auxiliary address (isolating language) and with languages in which a single affix typically express several syntactic categories and a single category whitethorn be expressed by several dissimilar affixes (as is the case in the inflectional or fusional anguage). However, both fusional and isolating language whitethorn use agglutinative in the most-often- apply constructs, and use agglutination heavily in certain contexts, such(prenominal) as word derivation. This is the case in side, which has an agglutinated plural maker (e)s and derived words such as shame slightness. 2. Back-formation In etymology, back-formation is the physical process of creating a parvenue lexeme, usually by removing actual or supposed affixes. The resu lting neologism is called a back-formation, a term coined by James Murray in 1889.Back-formation is different from thinning back-formation whitethorn change the part of speech or the words meaning, whereas snip creates thinned words from long-life words, just does not change the part of speech or the meaning of the word. For example, the noun jumpion was borrowed from Latin, and the verb resurrect was the back-formed hundreds of years later from it by removing the ion suffix. This segmentation of resurrection into resurrect + ion was possible because English had examples of Latinate words in the form of verb and verb + -ion pairs, such as hazard/opinion.These became the pattern for some(prenominal) an(prenominal) more than such pairs, where a verb derived from a Latin supine stem and a noun ending in ion weared the language together, such as insert/insertion, project/projection, etc. Back-formation may be kindred to the reanalyzes of folk etymologies when it rests on an erroneous understanding of the morphology of the longer word. For example, the singular noun asset is a back-formation from the plural assets. However, assets is originally not a plural it is a add-word from Anglo-Norman asetz (modern French assez).The s was reanalyzed as a plural suffix. Many words came into English by this route Pease was once a mass noun but was reinterpreted as a plural, leading to the back-formation pea. The noun statistic was akinwise a back-formation from the field of study statistics. In Britain, the verb burgle came into use in the 19th century as a back-formation from forager (which can be compared to the North American verb burglarize formed by suffixation). Even though many English words are formed this way, radical coinages may sound strange, and are often apply for humorous effect.For example, gruntled (from disgruntled) would be considered a barbarism, and used only in humorous contexts, such as by P. G. Wodehouse, who wrote I wouldnt say he was disgruntled, but by no stretch of the predilection could be described as gruntled. He comedian George Gobel on a regular basis used original back-formations in his humorous monologues. Bill Bryson mused that the English language would be richer if we could call a tidy-haired mortal shevelled as an opposite to dishevelled. In the American sitcom Scrubs, the character Turk once said when replying to Dr. Cox, I dont disdain youIts quite the opposite I dain you. Back-formations frequently begin in colloquial use and only gradually become accepted. For example, enthuse (from enthusiasm) is gaining popularity, though it is still considered substandard by some today. The immense celebrations in Britain at the give-and-take of the relief of the Siege of Marketing briefly created the verb to maffick, meaning to celebrate both extravagantly and publicly. Maffick is a back-formation from Mafeking, a place-name that was treated humorously as a gerund or participle. There are many an ea rly(a)(prenominal) examples of back-formation in the English language. . Acronym An acronym is an abbreviation formed from the sign components in a phrase or a word. These components may be individual letters (as in CEO) or parts of words (as in Benelux and Ameslan). There is no universal agreement on the precise comment of various names for such abbreviations nor on written usage. In English and most other languages, such abbreviations historically had limited use, but they became much more common in the 20th century. Acronyms are a type of word formation process, and they are viewed as a subtype of blending.There are many different types of the word-formation process acronym. Here are several pairs of them. (1) Pronounced as a word, containing only initial letters, like the followings. AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome NATO North Atlantic conformity Organization Scuba self-contained underwater breathing apparatus Laser Light profit by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (2) Pronounced as a word, containing non-initial letters Amphetamine alpha-mehyl-phenethylamine Interpol International Criminal Police Organization Nabisco National cooky Company 3)Pronounced as a word, containing a mixture of initial and non-initial letters Necco New England Confectionery Company Radar radio detection and ranging 4. Clipping In linguistics, clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts. Clipping is besides known as truncation or shortening. According to Marchand, clippings are not coined as words belonging to the standard vocabulary of a language. They originate as terms off a special aggroup like naturalises, army, police, the medical profession, etc. in the intimacy of a milieu where a hint is sufficient to indicate the whole. For example, exam(ination), math(ematics), and lab(oratory) originated in school lang. while clipping terms of some influential groups can pass into common usage, becoming part of Sta ndard English, clipping of a society inessential class or group will remain group slang. Also, clipping mainly consists of the following types back clipping, fore-clipping, center of attention clipping and complex clipping. (1) Back clipping Back clipping is the most common type, in which the graduation exercise is prevented.The unclipped original may be both a unsubdivided or a composite. Examples are ad (advertisement), cable (cablegram), doc (doctor), exam (examination), autotype (facsimile), gas (gasoline), gym(gymnastics, gymnasium), memo (memorandum), mutt(muttonhead), pub (public house), pop (popular music). (2) Fore-clipping Fore-clipping retains the final part. Examples are chute (parachute), coon (raccoon), alligator (alligator), phone (telephone), pike (turnpike), varsity (university). (3) Middle-clipping In middle clipping, the middle of the word is retained.Examples are flu (influenza), jams or jammies (pajamas/pyjamas), polly (Apollinairs), shrink (head-shrinke r), tec (detective). (4) Complex clipping Clipped dorms are also used in compounds. maven part of the original compound most often remains intact. Examples are cablegram (cable telegram), opart (optical art), org-man (organization man), and linocut (linoleum cut). roughlytimes both halves of a compound are clipped as in navicert (navigation certification). In these cases it is difficult to know whether the resultant formation should be treated as a clipping or as a blend, for the spring between the ii types is not al slipway clear.According to Bauer, the easiest way to draw the plainion is to say that those forms which retain compound stress are clipped compound, whereas those that take simple word stress are not. By this criterion bodbiz, Chicom, Comsymp, Intelsat, midcult, pro-am, photo op, sci-fi, and sitcom are all compounds made of clippings. 5. Semantic loan A semantic loan is a process of borrowing semantic meaning (rather than lexical items) from another language, very sympathetic to the formation of calques.In this case, however, the complete word in the borrowing language already exists the change is that its meaning is extended to include another meaning its existing rendition has in the leading language. Calques, loanwords and semantic loans are often classify roughly under the phrase borrowing. Semantic loans often occur when two language are in close contact. 6. Compound In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme that consists of more than one stem, compounding or composition is the word formation that creates compound lexemes.Compounding or word-compounding refers to the faculty and device of a language to form in the altogether words by combing or putting together old words. In other words, compound, compounding or word-compounding occurs when a person attaches two or more words together to make them one word. The meanings of the words link from the meanings of the words in isolation. Also, there is internalization formation. Incorporation is a phenomenon by which a word, usually a verb, forms a kind of compound with, for instance, its direct inclination or adverbial modifier, while retaining its original syntactic function.Incorporation is rally to many polysynthetic languages such as those found in North America, but polysynthetic does not necessary imply incorporation. Neither does the presence of incorporation in a language imply that that language is polysynthetic. Though not regularly. English shows some instrument incorporation, as in breastfeed, and direct object incorporation, as in babysit. Etymologically, such verbs in English are usually back-formations the verbs breastfeed and babysit are formed from the procedural breast-fed and the noun babysitter respectively.Incorporation and pain compounding many be fuzzy categories consider backstabbing, name-calling, and axe-murder. In many cases, a phrase with an incorporated noun carries a different meaning with respect to the equivalent phrase where the noun is not incorporated into the verb. The difference seems to hang around the generality and definiteness of the statement. The incorporated phrase is usually generic and indefinite, while the non-incorporated one is more specific. 7. ConversionIn linguistics, conversion, also called nought derivation, is a kind of word transformation specifically, it is the creation of a word (of a new word class) from an existing word (of a different word class) without any change in form. For example, the noun green in golf (referring to a putting-green) is derived ultimately from the adjective green. Conversions from adjectives to nouns and vice versa are both very common and unnotable in English much more remarked upon is the creation of a verb by converting a noun or other word (e. g. , the adjective clean becomes the verb to clean). 8. LoanwordA loanword (or loan word) is a word borrowed from a presenter language and incorporated into a recipient language. By contrast, a calque or loan transla tion is a related concept where the meaning or idiom is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself. The word loanword is itself a calque of the German Lehnwort, while calque is a loanword from French. The terms borrow and loanword, although traditional, conflict with the ordinary meaning of those words because nothing is returned to the conferrer languages. However, note that this metaphor is not degage to the concept of loanwords, but also found in the idiom to borrow an idea. An additional issue with the term loanword is that it implies that the loaning is limited to one single word as opposed to deja vu, an English loanword from French. While this phrase may be used as one lexical item by English speakers, that is to say, an English speaker would not say only deja to convey the meaning associated with the full term deja vu, in the donor language (French), speakers would be aware of the phrase consisting of two words. For simplicity, adopt/adoption or adapt/adaption are used by many linguists, either in parallel to, or in preference to, these words.Some researchers also use the term lexical borrowing. Some English loanwords remain relatively faithful to the donor languages phonology, even though a extra phoneme might not exist or have contrastive status in English. The legal age of English affixes, such as -un, ing, and ly, were present in elderly forms in Old English. However, a few English affixes are borrowed. For example, the agentive suffix er, which is very prolific, is borrowed unlimitedly from Latin- arius. The English verbal suffix ize comes from Greek izein via Latin izare. 9.Onomatopoeia Onomatopoeia (common term is sound word) refers to the property of such words. Common occurrences of onomatopoeia include animal noises, such as oink or meow or roar or chirp. Some other very common English-language examples include hiccup, zoom, bang, beep, moo, and splash. Machines and their sounds are also often described with onomatopoeia, as in honk or beep-beep for the horn of an automobile, and vroom or brum for the engine. When someone speaks of a mishap involving an audible arcing of electricity, the word zap is often used.For animal sounds, words like quack (duck), moo (cow), bark or cream (dog), roar (lion), meow or purr (cat) and baa (sheep) are typically used in English. Some of these words are used both as nouns and as verbs. sometimes things are named from the sounds they make. In English, for example, there is the universal fastener which is named for the onomatopoeia of the sound it makes the nonentity (in the UK) or zipper (in the U. S. ). many birds are named afterward their calls, such as the Bobwhite quail, the Weero, the Morepork, the killdeer, chickadee, the cuckoo, the chiffchaff, the whooping crane and the whip-poor-will. 0. Phono-semantic matching Phono-semantic matching (PSM) is a linguistic term referring to camouflaged borrowing in which a foreign word is matched with a phonetically and semantically simi lar pre-existent native word/root. It may alternatively be defined as the entry of a multisourced neologism that preserves both the meaning and the proximate sound of the parallel expression in the source language, employ pre-existent words/roots of the crisscross language. Phono-semantic matching is distinct from calquing. While calquing includes (semantic) translation, it does not consist of phonetic matching (i. . retaining the proximate sound of the borrowed word finished matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existent word/morpheme in the target language). Phone-semantic matching is also distinct from homophonic translation, which retains only the sound, and not the semantics. 11. Eponym An eponym is a person or thing, whether real or fictional, after which a particular place, tribe, era, discovery. Or other item is named or thought to be named. Eponyms are aspects of etymology. There are different types of eponym which come from various area.Places and towns can also be p rone an eponymic name through a relationship (real or imagined) to an important figure. Peloponnesus, for instance, was said to derive its name from the Greek god Pelops. In historical times, new towns have often been named (and older communities renamed) after their founders, discoverers, or after notable individuals. Examples include Vancouver, British Columbia, named after the explorer George Vancouver and Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, originally called Isbisters Settlement but renamed after Queen Victorias husband and consort in 1866.Also, in perception and technology, discoveries and innovations are often named after the discoverer (or supposed discoverer) to celebrate some other influential workers. Examples are Avogadros number, he Diesel engine, Alzheimers disease, and the Apgar score. Because proper nouns are capitalized in English, the usual default for eponyms is to capitalize the eponymous part of a term. The common-noun part is not capitalized (unless it is part of a t itle or it is the first word in a sentence). For example, in Parkinson disease (named after James Parkinson), Parkinson is capitalized, but disease is not.However, some eponymous adjectives are nowadays entered in many dictionaries as lowercases when they have evolved a common status, no longer deriving their meaning from the proper-noun origin. For example, Herculean when referring to Hercules himself, but often herculean when referring to the figurative generalized indication sense. For any given term, one dictionary may enter only lowercase or only cap, whereas other dictionaries may recognize the capitalized version as a variant, either equally common as, or less common than, the first-listed styling (marked with labels such as or, also, often or sometimes).English can use either genitive case or attributive position to indicate the adjectival nature of the eponymous part of the term. (In other words, that part may be either possessive or nonpossessive. ) Thus Parkinsons disea se and Parkinson disease are both acceptable. Medical dictionaries have been shifting toward nonpossessive styling in fresh decades, thus Parkinson disease is more likely to be used in the latest medical literature (especially in post prints) than is Parkinsons disease. American and British English spelling differences can occasionally apply to eponyms.For example, American style would typically be cesarean section whereas British style would typically be caesarean section. III. Conclusion In a word, there are several ways of word-formation in the English language. However, not all these ways are isolated from each other. In fact, some of them all overlapped which means that a new word may be considered as a result of different ways of formation. Also, understanding these various methods of forming a new word, as an compound component of linguistics, enables us to dig out the hidden rules behind thousands of new emerging words.Therefore, although many new words would appear as the world instill on and new technologies are developed, people are able to grasp these new words with ease because of these word-formation rules. Meanwhile, people are exposed to different accesses of forming new words with already existing ones to express the unexpected phenomenon or tectonics in the future. industrial plant cited (1) Crystal, David. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, Sixth Edition, Blackwell Publishers, 2008. (2) Fischer, Roswitha.Lexical change in present-day English A corpus-based study of the motivation, institutionalization, and productivity of creative neologisms. 1998 (3) Marchand, Hans. The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-formation. Munchen C. H. Becksche Verlagsbuchhandlung,1969 (4) Ghilad Zuckermann,Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 (5) Baker, Mark C. The Polysynthesis Parameter. Oxford Oxford University Press,1998 (6) Mithun, Marianne. The maturation of noun incorporation. Langua ge,1984A Brief Introduction to Methods of Word Formation in EnglishA Brief Introduction to Methods of Word Formation in English I. Introduction Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study language form, language meaning, and language in context. The earliest known activities in descriptive linguistics have been attributed to Panini around 500 BCE, with his analysis of Sanskrit in Ashtadhyayi. The first subfield of linguistics is the study of language structure, or grammar. This focuses on the system of ruled followed by the users of a language.It includes the study of morphology (the formation and composition of words), syntax (the formation and composition of phrases and sentences from these words), and phonology (sound system). Phonetics is a related branch of linguistics concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds and nonspeech sounds, and how they are produced and perceived. This p aper is going to concentrate on part of morphology word formation, of the English language. Generally, in linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new word.Word formation is sometimes contrasted with semantic change, which is a change in a single words meaning. The boundary between word formation and semantic change can be difficult to define a new use of an old word can be seen as a new word derived from an old one and identical to it in form. Word formation can also be contrasted with the formation of idiomatic expressions, although words can be formed from multi-word phrases. There are various mechanisms of word formation and this paper is going to present them in detail with necessary explanations and examples. II. Methods of Word Formations 1. Agglutination.In contemporary linguistics, agglutination usually refers to the kind of morphological derivation in which there is a one-to-one correspondence between affixes and syntactical categories. Language that use agglutinat ion widely are called agglutinative languages. Agglutinative languages are often contrasted both with language in which syntactic structure is expressed solely by means of word order and auxiliary words (isolating language) and with languages in which a single affix typically express several syntactic categories and a single category may be expressed by several different affixes (as is the case in the inflectional or fusional anguage). However, both fusional and isolating language may use agglutinative in the most-often-used constructs, and use agglutination heavily in certain contexts, such as word derivation. This is the case in English, which has an agglutinated plural maker (e)s and derived words such as shamelessness. 2. Back-formation In etymology, back-formation is the process of creating a new lexeme, usually by removing actual or supposed affixes. The resulting neologism is called a back-formation, a term coined by James Murray in 1889.Back-formation is different from clip ping back-formation may change the part of speech or the words meaning, whereas clipping creates shortened words from longer words, but does not change the part of speech or the meaning of the word. For example, the noun resurrection was borrowed from Latin, and the verb resurrect was the back-formed hundreds of years later from it by removing the ion suffix. This segmentation of resurrection into resurrect + ion was possible because English had examples of Latinate words in the form of verb and verb + -ion pairs, such as opine/opinion.These became the pattern for many more such pairs, where a verb derived from a Latin supine stem and a noun ending in ion entered the language together, such as insert/insertion, project/projection, etc. Back-formation may be similar to the reanalyzes of folk etymologies when it rests on an erroneous understanding of the morphology of the longer word. For example, the singular noun asset is a back-formation from the plural assets. However, assets is originally not a plural it is a loan-word from Anglo-Norman asetz (modern French assez).The s was reanalyzed as a plural suffix. Many words came into English by this route Pease was once a mass noun but was reinterpreted as a plural, leading to the back-formation pea. The noun statistic was likewise a back-formation from the field of study statistics. In Britain, the verb burgle came into use in the 19th century as a back-formation from burglar (which can be compared to the North American verb burglarize formed by suffixation). Even though many English words are formed this way, new coinages may sound strange, and are often used for humorous effect.For example, gruntled (from disgruntled) would be considered a barbarism, and used only in humorous contexts, such as by P. G. Wodehouse, who wrote I wouldnt say he was disgruntled, but by no stretch of the imagination could be described as gruntled. He comedian George Gobel regularly used original back-formations in his humorous monologu es. Bill Bryson mused that the English language would be richer if we could call a tidy-haired person shevelled as an opposite to dishevelled. In the American sitcom Scrubs, the character Turk once said when replying to Dr. Cox, I dont disdain youIts quite the opposite I dain you. Back-formations frequently begin in colloquial use and only gradually become accepted. For example, enthuse (from enthusiasm) is gaining popularity, though it is still considered substandard by some today. The immense celebrations in Britain at the news of the relief of the Siege of Marketing briefly created the verb to maffick, meaning to celebrate both extravagantly and publicly. Maffick is a back-formation from Mafeking, a place-name that was treated humorously as a gerund or participle. There are many other examples of back-formation in the English language. . Acronym An acronym is an abbreviation formed from the initial components in a phrase or a word. These components may be individual letters (a s in CEO) or parts of words (as in Benelux and Ameslan). There is no universal agreement on the precise definition of various names for such abbreviations nor on written usage. In English and most other languages, such abbreviations historically had limited use, but they became much more common in the 20th century. Acronyms are a type of word formation process, and they are viewed as a subtype of blending.There are many different types of the word-formation process acronym. Here are several pairs of them. (1) Pronounced as a word, containing only initial letters, like the followings. AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Scuba self-contained underwater breathing apparatus Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (2) Pronounced as a word, containing non-initial letters Amphetamine alpha-mehyl-phenethylamine Interpol International Criminal Police Organization Nabisco National Biscuit Company 3)Pronounced as a word, contai ning a mixture of initial and non-initial letters Necco New England Confectionery Company Radar radio detection and ranging 4. Clipping In linguistics, clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts. Clipping is also known as truncation or shortening. According to Marchand, clippings are not coined as words belonging to the standard vocabulary of a language. They originate as terms off a special group like schools, army, police, the medical profession, etc. in the intimacy of a milieu where a hint is sufficient to indicate the whole. For example, exam(ination), math(ematics), and lab(oratory) originated in school lang. while clipping terms of some influential groups can pass into common usage, becoming part of Standard English, clipping of a society unimportant class or group will remain group slang. Also, clipping mainly consists of the following types back clipping, fore-clipping, middle clipping and complex clipping. (1) Back clipping Back clipping is the most common type, in which the beginning is retained.The unclipped original may be either a simple or a composite. Examples are ad (advertisement), cable (cablegram), doc (doctor), exam (examination), fax (facsimile), gas (gasoline), gym(gymnastics, gymnasium), memo (memorandum), mutt(muttonhead), pub (public house), pop (popular music). (2) Fore-clipping Fore-clipping retains the final part. Examples are chute (parachute), coon (raccoon), gator (alligator), phone (telephone), pike (turnpike), varsity (university). (3) Middle-clipping In middle clipping, the middle of the word is retained.Examples are flu (influenza), jams or jammies (pajamas/pyjamas), polly (Apollinairs), shrink (head-shrinker), tec (detective). (4) Complex clipping Clipped dorms are also used in compounds. One part of the original compound most often remains intact. Examples are cablegram (cable telegram), opart (optical art), org-man (organization man), and linocut (linoleum cut). So metimes both halves of a compound are clipped as in navicert (navigation certification). In these cases it is difficult to know whether the resultant formation should be treated as a clipping or as a blend, for the border between the two types is not always clear.According to Bauer, the easiest way to draw the distinction is to say that those forms which retain compound stress are clipped compound, whereas those that take simple word stress are not. By this criterion bodbiz, Chicom, Comsymp, Intelsat, midcult, pro-am, photo op, sci-fi, and sitcom are all compounds made of clippings. 5. Semantic loan A semantic loan is a process of borrowing semantic meaning (rather than lexical items) from another language, very similar to the formation of calques.In this case, however, the complete word in the borrowing language already exists the change is that its meaning is extended to include another meaning its existing translation has in the leading language. Calques, loanwords and semantic l oans are often grouped roughly under the phrase borrowing. Semantic loans often occur when two language are in close contact. 6. Compound In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme that consists of more than one stem, compounding or composition is the word formation that creates compound lexemes.Compounding or word-compounding refers to the faculty and device of a language to form new words by combing or putting together old words. In other words, compound, compounding or word-compounding occurs when a person attaches two or more words together to make them one word. The meanings of the words interrelate from the meanings of the words in isolation. Also, there is incorporation formation. Incorporation is a phenomenon by which a word, usually a verb, forms a kind of compound with, for instance, its direct object or adverbial modifier, while retaining its original syntactic function.Incorporation is central to many polysynthetic languages such as those found in North America, but polysynt hetic does not necessary imply incorporation. Neither does the presence of incorporation in a language imply that that language is polysynthetic. Though not regularly. English shows some instrument incorporation, as in breastfeed, and direct object incorporation, as in babysit. Etymologically, such verbs in English are usually back-formations the verbs breastfeed and babysit are formed from the adjective breast-fed and the noun babysitter respectively.Incorporation and pain compounding many be fuzzy categories consider backstabbing, name-calling, and axe-murder. In many cases, a phrase with an incorporated noun carries a different meaning with respect to the equivalent phrase where the noun is not incorporated into the verb. The difference seems to hang around the generality and definiteness of the statement. The incorporated phrase is usually generic and indefinite, while the non-incorporated one is more specific. 7. ConversionIn linguistics, conversion, also called zero derivation , is a kind of word transformation specifically, it is the creation of a word (of a new word class) from an existing word (of a different word class) without any change in form. For example, the noun green in golf (referring to a putting-green) is derived ultimately from the adjective green. Conversions from adjectives to nouns and vice versa are both very common and unnotable in English much more remarked upon is the creation of a verb by converting a noun or other word (e. g. , the adjective clean becomes the verb to clean). 8. LoanwordA loanword (or loan word) is a word borrowed from a donor language and incorporated into a recipient language. By contrast, a calque or loan translation is a related concept where the meaning or idiom is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself. The word loanword is itself a calque of the German Lehnwort, while calque is a loanword from French. The terms borrow and loanword, although traditional, conflict with the ordinary meaning of those words because nothing is returned to the donor languages. However, note that this metaphor is not isolated to the concept of loanwords, but also found in the idiom to borrow an idea. An additional issue with the term loanword is that it implies that the loaning is limited to one single word as opposed to deja vu, an English loanword from French. While this phrase may be used as one lexical item by English speakers, that is to say, an English speaker would not say only deja to convey the meaning associated with the full term deja vu, in the donor language (French), speakers would be aware of the phrase consisting of two words. For simplicity, adopt/adoption or adapt/adaption are used by many linguists, either in parallel to, or in preference to, these words.Some researchers also use the term lexical borrowing. Some English loanwords remain relatively faithful to the donor languages phonology, even though a particular phoneme might not exist or have contrastive status in English. The major ity of English affixes, such as -un, ing, and ly, were present in older forms in Old English. However, a few English affixes are borrowed. For example, the agentive suffix er, which is very prolific, is borrowed unlimitedly from Latin- arius. The English verbal suffix ize comes from Greek izein via Latin izare. 9.Onomatopoeia Onomatopoeia (common term is sound word) refers to the property of such words. Common occurrences of onomatopoeia include animal noises, such as oink or meow or roar or chirp. Some other very common English-language examples include hiccup, zoom, bang, beep, moo, and splash. Machines and their sounds are also often described with onomatopoeia, as in honk or beep-beep for the horn of an automobile, and vroom or brum for the engine. When someone speaks of a mishap involving an audible arcing of electricity, the word zap is often used.For animal sounds, words like quack (duck), moo (cow), bark or woof (dog), roar (lion), meow or purr (cat) and baa (sheep) are typi cally used in English. Some of these words are used both as nouns and as verbs. Sometimes things are named from the sounds they make. In English, for example, there is the universal fastener which is named for the onomatopoeia of the sound it makes the zip (in the UK) or zipper (in the U. S. ). many birds are named after their calls, such as the Bobwhite quail, the Weero, the Morepork, the killdeer, chickadee, the cuckoo, the chiffchaff, the whooping crane and the whip-poor-will. 0. Phono-semantic matching Phono-semantic matching (PSM) is a linguistic term referring to camouflaged borrowing in which a foreign word is matched with a phonetically and semantically similar pre-existent native word/root. It may alternatively be defined as the entry of a multisourced neologism that preserves both the meaning and the proximate sound of the parallel expression in the source language, using pre-existent words/roots of the target language. Phono-semantic matching is distinct from calquing. Wh ile calquing includes (semantic) translation, it does not consist of phonetic matching (i. . retaining the proximate sound of the borrowed word through matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existent word/morpheme in the target language). Phone-semantic matching is also distinct from homophonic translation, which retains only the sound, and not the semantics. 11. Eponym An eponym is a person or thing, whether real or fictional, after which a particular place, tribe, era, discovery. Or other item is named or thought to be named. Eponyms are aspects of etymology. There are different types of eponym which come from various area.Places and towns can also be given an eponymous name through a relationship (real or imagined) to an important figure. Peloponnesus, for instance, was said to derive its name from the Greek god Pelops. In historical times, new towns have often been named (and older communities renamed) after their founders, discoverers, or after notable individuals. Examples in clude Vancouver, British Columbia, named after the explorer George Vancouver and Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, originally called Isbisters Settlement but renamed after Queen Victorias husband and consort in 1866.Also, in science and technology, discoveries and innovations are often named after the discoverer (or supposed discoverer) to honor some other influential workers. Examples are Avogadros number, he Diesel engine, Alzheimers disease, and the Apgar score. Because proper nouns are capitalized in English, the usual default for eponyms is to capitalize the eponymous part of a term. The common-noun part is not capitalized (unless it is part of a title or it is the first word in a sentence). For example, in Parkinson disease (named after James Parkinson), Parkinson is capitalized, but disease is not.However, some eponymous adjectives are nowadays entered in many dictionaries as lowercases when they have evolved a common status, no longer deriving their meaning from the proper-noun o rigin. For example, Herculean when referring to Hercules himself, but often herculean when referring to the figurative generalized extension sense. For any given term, one dictionary may enter only lowercase or only cap, whereas other dictionaries may recognize the capitalized version as a variant, either equally common as, or less common than, the first-listed styling (marked with labels such as or, also, often or sometimes).English can use either genitive case or attributive position to indicate the adjectival nature of the eponymous part of the term. (In other words, that part may be either possessive or nonpossessive. ) Thus Parkinsons disease and Parkinson disease are both acceptable. Medical dictionaries have been shifting toward nonpossessive styling in recent decades, thus Parkinson disease is more likely to be used in the latest medical literature (especially in post prints) than is Parkinsons disease. American and British English spelling differences can occasionally apply to eponyms.For example, American style would typically be cesarean section whereas British style would typically be caesarean section. III. Conclusion In a word, there are several ways of word-formation in the English language. However, not all these ways are isolated from each other. In fact, some of them all overlapped which means that a new word may be considered as a result of different ways of formation. Also, understanding these various methods of forming a new word, as an integrated component of linguistics, enables us to dig out the hidden rules behind thousands of new emerging words.Therefore, although many new words would appear as the world move on and new technologies are developed, people are able to grasp these new words with ease because of these word-formation rules. Meanwhile, people are exposed to different accesses of forming new words with already existing ones to express the unexpected phenomenon or tectonics in the future. Works cited (1) Crystal, David. A Dic tionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, Sixth Edition, Blackwell Publishers, 2008. (2) Fischer, Roswitha.Lexical change in present-day English A corpus-based study of the motivation, institutionalization, and productivity of creative neologisms. 1998 (3) Marchand, Hans. The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-formation. Munchen C. H. Becksche Verlagsbuchhandlung,1969 (4) Ghilad Zuckermann,Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 (5) Baker, Mark C. The Polysynthesis Parameter. Oxford Oxford University Press,1998 (6) Mithun, Marianne. The evolution of noun incorporation. Language,1984

Coefficient of Restitution

In lab 8 of coefficient in restriction both electromotive force and kinetic energies is used, however energy cannot be made or destroyed. In doing this lab you will get a better understanding individual sight of the starting point and finishing point of the drop (maximum height). You also get familiar here by finding the answer using formulas. By the end of the lab we should be able to understand with the coefficient of restriction is, in be able to locate where energy is lost.Procedure After buying the correct supplies and equipment I devise up the reoccurred using a chair, a measuring tape, a scale, a plastic Ping-Pong ball, and a tennis rubber ball. Started by weighing distributively ball in ounces and converted to kilograms and finding the initial drop by, which was all the same. The first ball used was the tennis ball after five trials were make the maximum height was recorded in inches.The same process was done for the plastic Ping-Pong ball five trials were with the maxi mum height taken, measured in inches. For both the Ping-Pong ball and tennis ball I used a slow-motion camera in order to create a more surgical maximum height measurement. Conclusion In this lab I thought it interesting that the tennis ball did not bounce as high as I imagined/ expected it would. Found that the Ping-Pong ball is .

Samuel de Champlain

He was born in 1567 in Bourage, France. He was a Protestant who converted to Catholicism and fought In the ghostlike war for King Henry VII. Samuel learned skills of sailing, navigation, and cartography at a young age. Champlain became a famous explorer and is known because he founded Quebec and a attraction of Canada, which was New France at the time. In 1603 Champlain was invited by Francis Grave Du Point to sail and visit the River of Canada. He traveled to many places. They include Montreal, Quebec, St.Lawrence River, and Tols-Rlvleres. While he was at that place he realized this land could be colonized and used in favor of France. He was fascinated by the Great Lakes, which he never knew about. Champlain was precise curious about the people living on that point, the Huron Indians. After one year he sailed back to France. When Samuel got home he begged the mightiness and queen of France to sponsor another(prenominal) voyage to Canada so he could stop longer and learn more . He also wanted to search Acadia, which we know now today as Nova Scotia. thither was belief that Acadia ad mines of riches such as gold and diamonds.Many also believed that if you went to Acadia you could find a new passageway to get to North America sooner. The king and queen agreed and let him sall along with Lieutenant-General Pierre de Monts as a geographer. After they sailed awhile on the caravel they landed docked at St. Croix River. It was winter and they had stayed in a very cold area. Most of their men died of scurvy, a disease where a body cant get enough vitamin C for awhile. However. some of them died from other diseases like grievous cases of influenza and smallpox.They knew that they had to go somewhere warmer before everyone of their crew died. One year later the crew, what was left of them, used astrolabe and a compass to reach there way to Acadia. It wasnt everything he thought it would be. He never found the gold and diamond mines. However, he still found more and more places and learned a lot more about the country. He found out about Niagara Falls. He was so impressed he started to search more south to learn about America. Champlain was searching in the Cape Cod area and went to Marthas Vineyard.Even though he wasnt the first person to find Marthas Vineyard, two English men were, he took great notes and important facts about the land. He discovered more of Marthas Vineyard than them too. Samuel was named Lieutenant In 1608. He was able to be the leader on his adjoining voyages. He stayed in New France for eleven years. The land was colonized and they made peace with the Indians. They sign a treaty stating that if the Huron Indians let the French have goods, Ilke fur, and stay on the land that the French would protect them and help them in war.They ran across one problem. England wanted the land too, even though the French have been there most of the time. In 1627, when Champlain returned from France after writing about his voyages, En gland went to war with the French for Canada. 1629 the English made the French surrender and leave. In 1632 the French came back and signed a treaty with the English that gave to be caused by something related to a stroke. He is known as one of the most famous explorers and has been remembered since the day he died,

Qualitative Research Assignment Essay

1. Was there a fire up statement of the aims of the investigate ? Yes. In the condition, the aim of the seek was to take in the experience of participants, their knowledge roughly type 2 diabetes, and the factors of music adherence in Malaysia. According to Susan (2010), the five components of PICOT are population, issue, context, outcome, and condemnation. According to Al-Qazaz et al (2011), the PICOT was presented by the research worker in the pick out were, P Type 2diabetes patients with receiving of hypoglycemic medication. I Identifying participants perception, and their knowledge about type 2 diabetes disease and medication. C USM clinic of Malaysia, where the consider took place.O It helps volume living with type 2 diabetes to have a diverse ground by relating with other peoples experiences. T March and April of 2009.Qualitative PICOT is a framework to help in formulating effective clinical question in a step-by step manner (Melnyk and Fineout , 2010).2. Is a qua litative systemology appropriate ?Yes.Qualitative research is to study a persons behavior and lived experiences related to what is being studied in the research (Denzin and Lincoln, 2011). The key characteristics of qualitative study in this article included a small sample size, in-depth interview (semi-structured), research worker involving during interview, non comparisons and non numerical. In qualitative study, sample size are usually small that come upon in-depth go throughing of the experiences or feeling of the participants (Polit and Beck, 2012). Meanwhile, a semi-structured interview was used to collect selective information by codding participants ideas arising until no more(prenominal) new themes emerging.According to Polit and Beck (2012), semi-structured interview can leave alone rich and detailed information during phenomenon study. In this study, a phenomenological approach was used to described the aim of the research. It is to understand the experiences of dia betic patients in Malaysia, and explore their knowledge about the medications that they have been taking. According to Judith (2007), qualitative research is characterized by itsaims to understand the experiences and attitudes of patients. In brief, a qualitative methodology is appropriate to this research.3. Was the research design appropriate to spread over the aims of the research ? Yes. According to NCBI (2014), a Phenomenological study can probably explore participants lived experience, beliefs about the efficacy of the medication, side-effects of drug and participants adherence to the preaching regime. By the square, in this article, the aim is to understand the participants experience and explore their knowledge and medication adherence related on type 2 diabetes. Therefore, phenomenological approach is appropriate to engineer the aims of the research. The advantages of Phenomenological study is to reveal patients beliefs and experiences by a flexible demeanor to explore the respondents attitude, and allowing deep sympathy about knowledge and feeling of participants (Polit and Beck, 2012). However, its limitation is that samples are a great deal small band and the police detectives are non attempting to generalize the findings.4. Was the recruitment strategy appropriate to the aims of the research ? Yes.The researcher recruited participants from USM clinic and who were diagnosed type 2 diabetes while taking on hypoglycemic medications through a convenience sampling. According to HRDAG (2013), convenience sampling is to recruit participants from a particular clinical setting during entropy collection of a qualitative research. Moreover, convenience sampling is easy and efficient to extract the greatest possible information from the new cases in the sample, until there is no new data could be obtained and the redundancy of data saturation was attaind (Polit and Beck, 2012).However, convenience sampling may not be a preferred sampling in qualitat ive research due to unable to bring out the most information-rich sources and the representative of the population (Polit and Beck, 2012). In this article, the data was only obtained in one specific clinic, that would affect the credibility of result, such as the adverse effects of medication, and the satisfaction rates from health providers. It would be better if the researcher use purpose sampling into the study.Purpose sampling is to get participants based on specific purposes, and it is primarily used in qualitative research (Polit and Beck, 2012). it can achieverepresentativeness of the population and provide credibility of the result, because the researcher allow not only focus on one clinic during recruitment of participants.5. Were the data collected in a way that addressed the research issues ? Yes.A semi-structured interview was real for data collecting of the research. Semi-structured interview is a paper-based interview guide which contain open-ended questions and th e participant to follows (RWJF,2008). Moreover,Semi-structured interview provide rich, detailed information in the phenomenon study (Polit and Beck, 2012). In the study, the researcher has described in-depth interview to explore patients beliefs and experiences. Besides, a consent form was signed by participants before interview, a direct tell address contact for arranging a time of interview. Further more, all the interview has been audiotaped, and the researcher did line by line analysis and coding the data to let on the key themes. The researcher interpreted to the participants who could not understand English during the interviewing by translating from a staff nurse to avoid bias that might affect the findings. In short, the data collected were fully addressed the research issue of this study.6. Has the relationship between researcher and participants been adequately considered ? Yes. Qualitative researchers need to develop a pissed relationships with participants in the stud y to establish credibility (Polit and Beck, 2012). In the article, all the participants were informed the purpose of this study, and a consent form was signed by each of them. The researcher also made telephone call to arrange time and place that participants would like to choose for each interview. Besides, they are allowed to chatter their own views at the time of interview. From the analysis above we can see the participants have been fully respected by the researcher to gain their trust.Therefore, the relationship between researcher and participants has been adequately considered in this study (Al-Qazaz et al 2011). However, there was no honorable mention about reflexivity by the researcher in this article. According to RWJF(2008), it described that reflexivity is a extremity use to exam researchers relationship to the respondent that refers to how the researchers values, beliefs, acquaintances and interests influence his/herresearch. It would be better if it is mentioned ab out how the researcher located herself or himself in the study, the readers can identify how it affect the data obtaining, that get out gain the findings of the research to be more credible (Polit and Beck, 2012).7. Have ethical issues been taken into method of accounting?Yes.In the study, a respect for human dignity was fully presented based on informing the participants about the purpose of study, distributing a consent form, and a direct phone contact before interview. The participants have been fully respected by the researcher to benefit as well as the individuals rights. Besides, they are allowed to express their own views at the time of interview, and the participants can choose place where they feel more convenience to be interviewed. It gave researcher a chance to explore the depth-richness data from participants, and enhance the participants autonomy and anonymity in the study.Further more, the study was also approved by the local ethics committee. In short, the ethical issues have been taken into the study as well. There was no coercion could be found in the study. However, the researcher did not mention about the confidentiality and how was data protected. Besides, they did not mention how many times participants understanding were checked before the consent form given. According to Polit and Beck (2012), it is described that it moldiness deal with ethical issues if the studies involving human beings, because the human rights must be protected.8. Was the data analysis sufficiently rigorous ?Yes. In the study, the researcher has described clear that a transcript of 12 audiotaped in-depth interviews were double checked for its accuracy. And the researcher identified the emerging themes via line by line data analysis and coding the relevant content data into categories until the data saturation was met and no more new data emerging from the interviews. According to Polit and Beck (2012), data saturation is a measurement of sample size that based o n informational needs under the study. It is to achieve the rigour of data analysis until no more new information can be obtained. However, the researcher failed to mention about member checking in this study. It is not clear whether the researcher asked participants toreview and comment on the case summaries or drafts of the research report. It will effect the credibility of the data. According to Polit and Beck (2012), member checking defined as the researcher confirm their data accuracy by providing a feedback to the participants during data are being collected to ensure that participants meaning were understood, and it is for enhancing validation of the research.Further more, the researcher mentioned their data were analyzed by using means of a standard content analysis framework. Its aim was achieved by a appropriate phenomenological design in this study which have been discussed in question two. Moreover, the rigor and validity can also result in developing trustworthiness of qualitative research, and the five measuring stick for evaluation the trustworthiness in the research include in credibility, dependability, confirmability, transferability, and authenticity (Polit and Beck, 2012). In the study, a phenomenological design was conducted with a semi-structured interview of data collection, and coding method for data analysis. this can be sufficiently proved its credibility, dependability, and confirmability. Therefore, it can be said the data analysis of this study is sufficient rigorous.9. Is there a clear statement of findings?Yes. Four major themes were clear stated in the study which included (1). Participantsknowledge about type 2 diabetes and its medications (2). Side-effects of medications (3), adherence issues (4), relationship with family on well-being (Al-Qazaz et al 2011). According to Polit and Beck (2012), the researchers interpret the data by rereading, categorizing and coding, then developing a data analysis to point out the themes into a structured whole. In this study, the researcher used qualitative design to consider increasingly the transferability of the findings to reflect the true experiences of the participants. It is relevance and accurately from the data, and give reader thought to the implications of the study for future research and practice. Meanwhile, the researcher are in the best position to demonstrate their limitations what they have been aware from the study. Consequently, it told readers that the researchers have done what they could do to guarantee the findings were clearly and accurately as well.10. How valuable is the research ?The purpose of qualitative research findings was described to explore participants experiences to develop a specific nursing intervention for meliorate a better outcomes of patients, and as a potentially applicable evidence influencing in future practice (NCBI,2011). Overview this study, a phenomenological approach that explore the aim of the research, it is to und erstand the experience of participants, their knowledge about type 2 diabetes, and the factors of medication adherence in Malaysia. Besides, it allows a deep understanding about knowledge and feeling of participants(Polit and Beck, 2012). Moreover, a semi-structured interview was used to provide rich and detailed information during the study for its validity(Polit and Beck, 2012).Further, a convenience sampling recruited participants and extract the greatest possible information to achieve data saturation for its rigour. Meanwhile, the ethical issues has been taken into account by the researchers to benefit as well as the individuals rights. On the other side, the researcher demonstrated their limitations what they aware of the study to enhance the findings more clearly and accurately. Regarding quantitative findings, it is not generalizable that can be applied to entire populations, however, it is generalizable in a way this particularly pertinent to nursing practice in which there is an expectation that scientific finding, and provide knowledge about human experiences to readers for future research.Thus it can be seen, the research is quite valuable.Conclusion unfavorable appraisal is a process to judge weather a research is usefulness or its findings are trustworthy(Young and Solomon, 2009). The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) produced a simple critical appraisal checklist guide people developing their skills what they need to make sense of scientific evidence(Burls, 2009). All of above,by quest the CASP checklist in quantitative research, it was presented a Randomized Controlled Trial Appraisal Tool, to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention , a large sample size and a conspicuous to achieve the reliability of the outcome and prevent bias, a intention-to-treat analysis to compromise the validity of the study. Moreover, generalizability of the study can be practices inother countries and helpful for farther study.However, in qualitative res earch, the CASP is helped to understanding peoples lived experience and explore participants experience of taking the drugs, beliefs about the efficacy of the drug, side-effects and the adherence of treatment regime. A phenomenological method has been used in the qualitative study through a semi-structured interview, convenience sampling and coding to reveal patients beliefs and experiences, and allowing understanding of the knowledge and coping strategies in which the quantitative research is unable to cover. More, in this qualitative study, sample size is tend to be small, and the finding is not generalized(Polit and Beck, 2012). both of researchers have considered validity, findings, and its relevance. However, in the qualitative article, if the researcher use a purpose sampling method and mention about reflexivity and member checking during data collection, that will enhance validity of the findings to be more accurate.Reference1. Aveyard H and Sharp P (2009) A Beginners Guide t o manifest Based answer in Health and Social Care Professions.Glasgow Open University Press.2. Al-Qazaz H, Hassali M and Sulaiman S (2011) Perception and knowledge of patients with type 2 diabetes in Malaysia about their disease and medication A qualitative study. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 7 180-191.3. Bandolier (no date) Intention-to-treat analysis (ITT) unattached at http//www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/ color/itt.html Accessed 5/92014.4. Chan Z, Fung Y and Chien W(2013) Bracketing in Phenomenology Only Undertaken in the Data Collection and Analysis Process?The Qualitative Report.Volume 18, Article 59, 1-9 online lendable athttp//www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR18/chan59.pdf(accessed 26/10/2014)5. Denzin N and Lincoln Y(Eds)(2011)The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research(4thedition). Thousand OaksSAGE6. Human Rights Data Analysis Group(2013) Convenience Samples What they are, and what they should (and should not) be used for online Available at https//hrdag. org/convenience-samples-what-they-are/ (accessed 3/9/2014)7. LONDON SCHOOL of HYGLENE and TROPICAL MEDICINE(no date) Qualitative methods useful for agriculture, nutrition and health programmes. onlineAvailable athttps//ble.lshtm.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/54407/mod_resource/content/107/ANH101/sessions/S1S2/ANH101_S1S2_040_010.html(accessed 28/10/2014)8. Melnyk B.M and Fineout-Overholt E (Eds) (2010) Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing & Healthcare A Guide to Best Practice (2nd edition). UK Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.9. MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES(2007) A Guide to Using Qualitative Research Methodology online Available at http//fieldresearch.msf.org/msf/bitstream/10144/84230/1/Qualitative%20research%20methodology.pdf (accessed 28/10/2014)10. Melling A, Ali B, Scott E and Leaper D (2001) Effects of preoperative warming on the incidence of wound transmission system after clean surgery a randomized controlled trial. The lancet, 358 876-880.11. NCBI(2014) A phenomenological study to explore the experiences of Ugandan women that have undergone transvaginal ultrasound online Available at http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4175835/(accessed 1/9/2014)12. NCBI (2011) Qualitative Research Findings as Evidence Utility in Nursing Practice. online Available at http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3021785/ Accessed 13 Nov. 2014.13. Polit D and Beck C (Eds)(2011) NURSING RESEARCH Generating and assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (9th edition). UKLippincott Williams andWilkins14. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2008) Qualitative Research Guidelines foresee Semi-structured Interviews online Available at http//www.qualres.org/HomeSemi-3629.html Accessed 11 Nov. 2014.15. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2008) Qualitative Research Guidelines Project what is reflexivity online Available at http//www.qualres.org/HomeRefl-3703.html Accessed 12 Nov. 2014.16. Susan B.S, Fineout-Overholt E, Melnyk B.M and Williamson K.M(2010) Asking the Clinical Question A Key Step in Evi dence-Based Practice. The American Journal of Nursing.Vol. 110,No.3.Available at http//www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/pdfjournal? precaution=982283&an=00000446-201003000-00028&Journal_ID=&Issue_ID=(accessed 22/10/2014)

1984 First Five Chapters Summary Essay

Readers are introduced to Winston Smith, his living situation which although called Victory Mansion is not lavish it is a run-down apartment complex. Readers are also introduced to self-aggrandizing Brother, the governments authority figure and figurehead for the Party. The telescreen always watches its Party Members, looking for traitors among them. Winston brings appear a journal, out of view of the telescreen, because it is considered an act of rebellion against the Party. He writes about the films the Party makes, the dark-haired girl from work and OBrien, someone he believes is against the Party.Winston believes the Thought Police will knock at his door, but it turns out to be Mrs. Parsons, his neighbor. Winston helps her with the Parsons plumbing and her children accuse him of thoughtcrime. Her children are upset that they couldnt go see the public hanging. He goes back to his apartment and hides the journal. Winston then dreams of his mother and a sinking ship that he feels responsible for. He then dreams of a Utopia free from the Party where he is with the dark-haired girl from work. He wakes up to a whistle for the Physical Jerks, the Partys regulated physical exercise. Winston is yelled at from the telescreen by the exercise autobus.After the Physical Jerks Winston goes to work at the Ministry of fairness where he updates Big Brothers orders and Party Records so what Big Brother says is always true. He makes up a story about a fictional person, Comrade Ogilvy, as a ideal Party Man who died. Winston then meets up with Syme, another Party member who revises the Newspeak dictionary. Syme talks about the aime of Newspeak is to eradicate words.Winston knows the Syme will be vaporized because he is too intelligent. Parsons, Winstons neighbor, visits Winston to get their apartments dues. Parsons laughs about how his children treated Winston the previous day. The Ministry of Plenty announces an increase in production but Winston knows the increase is act ually a lie. Winston believes he is being watched by the dark-haired girl, who he thinks is a Party agent.Chapter 1-5 Responses1. I like Winston so far even though he seems very weak, which is just a result of the Partys oppression. The Party seems to be everywhere, impacting everyone. 3. The photograph, The Truman Show, is based off of the movie 1984 in the way that someone is controlling and watching over the protagonists lives. They have no privacy or choices. 6. I was very surprised that the exercise manager called out to Winston. Up until that point I believed the Party always watching was a scam to making people follow the Party. 7. I would like the following chapter to develop into Winston investigating the Party and trying to rebel more against them.

Handmaid’s Tale †the character of Offred Essay

Margargont Atwoods novel The Handmaids Tale houses a very authentic range of characters, in a complex world. Set in the Republic of Gilead, a totalitarian and theocratic state, where a reproduction rate is rapidly decreasing, some women are labeled as handmaids and assigned to elite couples that down difficulty conceiving. The soulality of one character in particular, however, may seem hasty and misunderstood at first glance. But given the circumstances, she proves to hold the values of humanity she has her cause traffic circle of opinions, flaws, and apparels has regrets and a balance of courage and care.Furthermore, the setting this character moldiness survive in is not much different from todays society. The g all overnment is deemed corrupt, fear of punishment is in blanded, and the leaders witness that the citizens adhere to the law. Finally, the aid and support that she receives, the faith and hope she has, and the development of friendships she makes also has a aliken ess to everyday relationships in our world. Hence, the novels protagonist, Offred is a relatively relatable individual, especially in terms of her character, her surroundings and her backing roles.Offred conveys a sense of veridicality in her personality as she is not perfect and has her own set of opinions, flaws, and habits. For instance, Offred has m all moments and flashbacks where she reminisces somewhat her past. This implies that she has regrets and obstacles in her life, just as every human being does. When Offred describes her appearance, albeit briefly, it signifies the insecurities that she keeps bottled up inside I am thirty-three years old. I have embrown hair. I protrude five seven without shoes. I have incommode remembering what I used to require like. I have viable ovaries. I have one more chance (Atwood, 143).Had she been proud of what she looked like, she most credibly would have gone into more detail, but the lack of war crys plainly states that she thin ks nothing special about herself. At one focus that she mentions that she does not like to look at herself in the mirror. This shows that she does not look at her self as superior and she is also self-conscious of her own appearance. She also possesses a authorized attributes that any person would possess she is rebellious and disobedient in constricting situations. This is what makes her more interesting and what sets her unconnected from the rest.Although Moira, Offreds best friend, was an even more revolutionary character, she seemed too daring to be true. A real life person would not be likely to pull off stunts that Moira had accomplished, for example escaping from the Red centerfield She had both hands on the lid when she felt something hard and sharp possible metallic dig into her ribs from behind. Dont move, said Moira, or Ill stick it all the way in, I greet where, Ill puncture your lung, I couldnt believe how easy it was to get out of the Center. In that brown outfi t I just walked serious through.I kept going as if I knew where I was heading, till I was out of sight (Atwood, 130, 244). Offred had just enough courage and just enough fear to seem realistic. Keeping these points in mind, it is clear that Offred could have been an ordinary character in our society. The Republic of Gilead, as strange as it may seem, actually has some similarities to the modern day and this is primarily seen by Offreds response to its laws and regulations that they instill. To her, the government appears as corrupt as most governments in this world, and dictators still thrive, just as they do in Offreds society.Offred responds to this by doing nothing, which would be the decision of most people if hale to wait under these conditions. The leaders of Gilead, after all, employ obedient enforcers to make sure that citizens abide by their laws. She mentions this in the book when she retells how the qualifys in her nation started. She describes in full length that she , along with all women in the U. S. , were forced from their jobs by men in uniform carrying machine guns Not fired, he said. Let go. You toilettet work here anymore, its the law (Atwood, 176).The fear of punishment is instilled, akin to the terrors of being imprisoned or given a death sentence in our world. Penalties are dreaded so much in Gilead, for most of the time they are unjustly given out and they vary from hanging to Salvaging which is being shell to death The three bodies hang there, even with the white sacks over their heads looking curiously stretched, like chickens set up up by the necks in a meat shop window like births with their wings clipped, like flightless births, wrecked angels (Atwood, 277). Offred ultimately responds passively, on account of this fear, and because liberal ways are shunned in Gilead.Margaret Atwood was right in not giving Offred any extraordinary abilities to surpass or overthrow the tyrants that ruled over her life as it would result in a l oss of Offreds relatable self. Relationships with other people are a necessity of life that defines human existence. As Offred progresses with day-to-day life, she develops these friendships, which ensure that she exists. The friends and allies that she made were prerequisite for keeping her sanity intact because without any shoulders to lean on in times of sorrow, a persons mental capacity could break.Amongst her friends were Cora, whom Offred was not very close with but did not have any tension with, Ofglen, Moira, her best friend, and Nick, the Commanders chauffeur that Offred opens up to and confides in towards the closure of the story. Offred frequently finds herself seek support and knowledge in people who share the same beliefs and opinions as her, most significantly from Ofglen and Moira. This portrays the doubts about her world that she holds another human quality. From Ofglen, she realizes that she is not alone in thinking that their country is corrupt and that something must be done to change things At last Ofglen speaks.Do you think God listens, she says, to these machines? She is whispering our habit at the Center(Atwood, 168). However from Moira, Offred finds out that escaping from their strict nation is not as easy as she had thought, as Moira could not even arrive at such a courageous feat. Without her supporting roles, Offred could have been an ignorant citizen in Gilead that was brainwashed into believing every word that the government fed them. If that were the case, Offreds community to the readers would have been lost. Furthermore, Offred turns to hope and faith to console her and help her to move on with life.Just as her friends helped her, these virtues aid in protecting her wellbeing though forced, since she had nothing else to look to. The hope that Offreds husband is still alive is very similar to the feelings of families in modern day society that pray for the safe invert of their lost, loved one from war or other degrees of se paration. Faith is introduced to Offred when she acknowledges the pillow in her room with the word faith printed on it Theres a hard cushion on it, with a petit point cover FAITH, in square print surrounded by a wealth of lilies (Atwood, 57).The fact that it is something she can read implies that there is still hope, as not everything has been taken away from her. This knowledge strengthens her belief that change will come, though subconsciously since Offred never mentions it. The faith that she puts into the Commander also ties into the trust she gives him when playing games, recitation magazines and when he brings her to Jezebels He wanted me to play Scrabble with him, He sits me down, and sits himself down beside me. He puts an subdivision around my shoulder (Atwood, 144, 236). Trust is a very common issue that people have trouble giving out.But in examining these elements it is clear Offreds confidantes have impacted her life and how they make her into a real character. The Ha ndmaids Tale is appealing due to its main character, Offred, who shows a great get over of realism in a world of impossibilities. Her character itself is strong-willed, but moderate, and is the perfect mix of what it is to be human. through her, many of the readers can see a bit of themselves in Offred. She is an excellent example of how a unshakable person would behave if they were thrust into the world of The Handmaids Tale.